What are the effects of exercise on the body?

Exercise has both long term and short term effects on the body. 

Short term effects include increased heart rate, increased cardiac output (volume of blood pumped out by the heart each minute, increased stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out by the heart each beat) and an increased breathing rate. 

Long term effects of exercise include an increase in heart size, a lower resting heart rate, increased blood volume and a reduced risk of heart disease.