To conjugate a verb in the pluperfect tense in French, you need three parts: the subject pronoun (ie. Je, tu il, nous, vous, ils); the imperfect of avoir or être; and the past participle of the verb. It’s important to have a good understanding of the perfect tense before attempting the pluperfect tense.

Let’s break it down.

For all the verbs that use avoir in the normal past perfect tense (that’s most verbs), avoir is also used in the pluperfect.

To form avoir in the imperfect, simply add the imperfect endings to av:

J’ av ais avais

Tu av ais avais

Il/elle/on av ait avait

Nous av + ions = avions

Vous av iez aviez

Ils/elles av aient avaient

All the other verbs use être, just like in the perfect tense. This includes all reflexive verbs (eg se lever/s’habiller) and the ‘MRS VAN DE TRAMP’ verbs:

Monter

Rester

Sortir Remember verbs formed from these verbs also use être, for

Venir example ‘devenir’ from ‘venir’ or ‘rentrer’ from ‘entrer’

Arriver

Naître

Descendre

Entrer

Tomber

Retourner

Aller

Mourir

Partir

To form être in the imperfect, add the imperfect endings to ét:

J’ ét ais étais

Tu ét ais étais

Il/elle/on ét ait était

Nous ét + ions = étions

Vous ét iez étiez

Ils/elles ét aient étaient

Once you have the correct form of the imperfect, you just add the past participle of the verb – the same one that is used for the perfect tense.

Examples: aider – aidé

faire – fait

boire – bu

So, let’s put it together. Imagine you want to say I had eaten. ‘Manger’ means ‘to eat’ so you are working with that verb and because it’s ‘I’ you use the subject pronoun ‘je’. In the perfect tense, ‘manger’ uses ‘avoir’ so that’s the verb you use here, put into the imperfect tense, conjugated in the first person ‘I’ form. Putting it together we have:

Subject pronoun Avoir in imperfect Past participle of manger

J’ avais mangé

Another example: She had gone. ‘Aller’ means ‘to go’ and you are using ‘elle’ for ‘she’. Aller is a MRS VAN DE TRAMP verb so you use être instead of avoir.

Subject pronoun Etre in imperfect Past participle of aller

Elle était allée

Careful here – remember how in the perfect tense you need to add an ‘e’ to the past participle for females and an ‘s’ if there’s more than one person? The same goes for the pluperfect tense – that’s why there’s an extra ‘e’ on the past participle of aller.

One more example – a tricky one! They (male) had gone to bed. The verb ‘se coucher’ is used to say ‘to go to bed’ – it’s a reflexive! So this time, just like in the perfect tense, we need to include the reflexive part of the verb (me, te, se, nous, vous, se), and it goes in front of the ‘être’ that’s been put in the imperfect tense. So, you are using ‘ils’ for they and être, as with all reflexives.

Subject pronoun Reflexive bit Etre in imperfect Past participle of coucher

Ils s’ étaient couchés

And don’t forget that extra ‘s’ on couché to show more than one person.

So, just remember those three parts – subject pronoun, imperfect of avoir or être, past participle – and, as long as you conjugate them correctly, you can’t go wrong!

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How do you conjugate verbs in the pluperfect tense in French?