Finding Roots of Quadratic EquationsWhat is a root to an equation?A root to an equation is a set of value(s) that satisfy the equation and when shown graphically they are the x values at which the function intercepts the x-axis.The general form of a quadratic equation is:ax² + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are real coefficientsand before attempting to solve any quadratic function, you should always aim to get it into this form first.If it is not in the correct form it can be converted by adding and subtracting each side functions of x in the initial form, for example:x²= 2x – 12 (Subtract both sides by 2x)x²– 2x = -12 (Add 12 to both sides)x²– 2x + 12 = 0As you can now see the previous equation is now in the standard form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a = 1, b = 2 and c = 12.Finding the Root(s) of Quadratic EquationsThe first way to solve a quadratic equation is by factorising it, an example is:x²+ 7x + 12 = 0 --> (x + 3)(x + 4) = 0the root to the equation is then given by the negative coefficient of the real number inside the bracket, hence is -3 and -4. A sketch of this graph would consist of a U shape intercepting the x-axis at -3 and -4.The second way to solve a quadratic equation is to complete the square, an example is:x²- 10x + 25 = 0 --> (x-5)² = 9The root to this equation is then worked out by square rooting each side and adding 5 to both sides, giving 8 and -2.The final way to solve them by a quadratic formula, which is:x = (-b +/- sqr(b² – 4ac))/2aThe quadratic formula contains the function b² – 4ac, this is called the discriminant and a, b and c are the coefficients of the equation when in the standard form. The value of the discriminant can show how many roots are present for a particular equation:b² – 4ac > 0 2 real rootsb² – 4ac = 0 1 real rootb² – 4ac < 0 2 imaginary roots (Complex conjugates)Example 1x² + 6x + 3 = 0 a=1, b=6 and c=3b² – 4ac = 36 – 12 = 24hence x = (-6 +/- 2sqr6)/2 = -3 +/- sqr6so the two roots are -3 + sqr6 and -3 – sqr6Example 2x² + 2x + 1 = 0 a=1, b=2 and c=1b² – 4ac = 0hence x = -2/2 = -1Example 3x² + 8x + 25 = 0 a=1, b=8 and c=25b² – 4ac = 64 – 100 = -36The discriminant is less than 0, which shows that 2 complex conjugate roots are the solutions to the equation.Since we can not find the square root of a negative number, we instead denote the term i, this represents the square root of -1 and also shows that i² = -1. This now allows the solution to be found:x = (-8 +/- 6i)/2 = -4 +/- 3ihence the solutions are -4 + 3i and -4 – 3i which are complex conjugates

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