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How and why are bacteria used in industry?

Bacteria are used in industry to produce enzymes and other proteins. Because they are prokaryotes and don't have a nucleus, every DNA plasmid that is taken up is translated. You just have to insert the plasm...
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Answered by Niclas W. • Biology tutor
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Describe the stages of transcription

Transcription begins with DNA helicase unwinding the DNA into two seperate strands.As the DNA unwinds, RNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with their complementary base pairs. Uracil binds to adenine, and gu...
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Answered by Edward A. • Biology tutor
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Explain how you would test for the presence of lipids and proteins in an unknown solution. Give details on any observations you would expect to make.

To test for the presence of lipids, you would carry out the emulsion test. To do this, you take the sample and mix it with equal volumes of ethanol and water followed by shaking. A cloudy white emulsion will...
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Answered by Chelsea J. • Biology tutor
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How are grana adapted to their function in photosynthesis? [2 marks]

They contain photosynthetic pigments to absorb light i.e. chlorophyll a2. They have a large surface area for light absorption3. They contain electron carriers / ATP synthase
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Answered by Amaani I. • Biology tutor
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What is the function of the mitochondria?

The mitochondria is an organelle in the cell which is used as a "power station" to provide the cell with energy in the form of ATP. It uses substrates like glucose, which is broken down in the cyto...
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Answered by Hamzah A. • Biology tutor
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