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How does gel electrophoresis work to separate DNA fragments of different lengths and how may the lengths of the different strands then be determined?

The process of gel electrophoresis uses the fact that DNA fragments are negatively charged (due to the bulky, negative phosphate groups within the sugar-phosphate backbone) in order to pull the fragments thr...
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Answered by James P. • Biology tutor
15297 Views

How does antibiotic resistance develop in bacterial populations?

When a course of antibiotics is taken, non-resistant bacteria should be killed. However, genetic mutations can lead to certain individuals becoming resistant to a particular antibiotic. The mutated gene that...
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Answered by Callum D. • Biology tutor
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Explain what the stages of protein folding are and how the protein is held in its 3D shape

Break this question down into the four stages: primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary and for each one describe the structure and what the non-covelant interactions are that hold the protein together. ...
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Answered by Abigail C. • Biology tutor
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Explain what is meant by codominant alleles.

Codominant alleles are different to the dominant and recessive alleles studied by Mendel in his studies on pea plants. When codominant alleles are expressed together, aspects of both genes are expressed. Thi...
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Answered by Liam P. • Biology tutor
16763 Views

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

All cells use DNA as a code for making proteins: the sequence of base pairs in a long, string-like DNA molecule acts as a set of instructions for making a protein, which is also a long, string-like molecule ...
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Answered by Patrick B. • Biology tutor
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