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The electrostatic forces of attraction between the shared pair of bonded electrons and the positively charged nuclei hold the atoms together.

Heat the oil up until it is a vapour Pass into fractionating column Negative temperature gradientHydrocarbons of different lengths have different boiling points They condense at different heights and are col...

Ionic bonding: When a metal loses electron(s) and a non-metal gains electron(s) to achieve a full outer shell For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) Points to make: Which atom loses electrons Which atom gains e...

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with varying length carbon chains. The main method used to separate these is fractional distillation. The crude oil is heated, then placed inside a fractionating column...

The main difference is that covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons, whereas in ionic bonding electrons are transferred. Ionic bonding is between a metal and a non-metal whereas covalent bonding is betw...