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The precautionary principle holds that, if the effects of a human-induced change would be very large, perhaps catastrophic, those responsible for the change must prove that it will not do harm before proceed...

Recent Trends: ▪ Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been measured at the Mauna Loa atmospheric observatory in Hawaii from 1958 and has since been measured at a number of different locations globa...

Carbon is one of the main elements found in all organic molecules including carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Processes : · Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and algae (freshwater and oceans) in which atmo...

▪ Energy enters most communities as light, where it is absorbed by autotrophs (e.g. plants) and converted into chemical energy via photosynthesis ▪ Energy then gets passed to the primary consumer (herbivore)...

Example: The transfer of a gene that codes for a protein called Bt toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to maize crops. (i.e. Bt Corn) Potential Benefits: ▪ Allows for the introduction of a charac...