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How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

All antibodies are produced by (B) lymphocytes, which are the cells of the immune system. They are produced as a response to special proteins (antigens) on the surface of pathogen cells; they are made to mat...
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Answered by Hamsini E. • Biology tutor
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Compare Anaerobic respiration in a yeast and muscle cell

Both are as a result of a lack of oxygen and produce small amounts of energy, however Yeast produces ethanol, where as a muscle cell will produce lactic acid. Yeast will furthermore produce CO2 while the mus...
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Answered by Luna d. • Biology tutor
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Explain how neurons communicate across a synapse.

A neuronal action potential depolarises the pre-synaptic membrane (neuron 1) causing voltage-gated calcium channels to open.2) Extracellular calcium ions bind to receptors on the pre-synaptic membrane causin...
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Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the walls of the right ventricle?

The human body possesses a double circulatory system, in which blood passes through the heart in two cycles. In the first cycle, the right ventricle only pumps blood as far as the lungs (to enable oxygenatio...
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Answered by Henry W. • Biology tutor
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How do white blood cells protect us against pathogens?

Some types e.g. macrophages can engulf and digest pathogens, killing them 2) Produce antibodies which recognise and target specific pathogens, thus preventing secondary infection 3) Produce antitoxins which ...
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Answered by Natasha W. • Biology tutor
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