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Anaeobic respiration in yeast: glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells: glucose -> lactic acid The lactic acid build up in muscles requires oxygen to be broken down an...

For non-polar small molecules simple diffusion down a concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer is possible as it is soluble in the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the membrane. An example of t...

Within a population of a species there will be variation between individuals. These variations arise because of mutations causing differences in alleles and phenotypes. Some individuals will have an allele w...

The Loop of Henle is an important part of the kidney nephron in forming concentrated urine. It is a long loop, which forms something known as a hairpin countercurrent mechanism. It is called countercurrent b...

A synapse consists of a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron. Information passes across when an electrical signal reaches the end of the presynaptic neuron, causing the release of molecules called neurotran...