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How is ATP generated via the electron transport chain?

Electrons travel down the electron transport chain via electron carriers at successively lower energy levels. This causes protons to be pumped into the intermembranal space, establishing an electrochemical p...
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Answered by Leo C. • Biology tutor
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Describe the life cycle of a virus.

Attachment. A virus, for example a bacteriophage attaches to the surface receptor of the host bacterial cell.Penetration. The virus injects the viral DNA genome through the cell wall and the cell membrane an...
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Answered by Celine A. • Biology tutor
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Describe the difference between respiration and breathing.

Respiration - the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (the currency of energy in ce...
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Answered by Shivani S. • Biology tutor
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Explain the process of synaptic transmission.

The arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neurone causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open, allowing Ca2+ to diffuse into the synaptic knob. The increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in th...
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Answered by Sophia M. • Biology tutor
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What are the enzymes involved at each stage during DNA replication?

The initial ‘unzipping’ stage is carried out by DNA helicase , to create a fork of DNA with exposed base pairs. DNA helicase works by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. On the leading strand, a ...
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Answered by Alice G. • Biology tutor
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