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The cell membrane, also known as plasma membrane, you will know from GCSE is a feature of both animal and plant cells that helps contain cellular contents and control entry and exit of substances from the ce...

Bacteria have a singular, large, circular chromosome and can have many smaller circular DNA-containing structures called plasmids. Bacterial cells that are in close proximity can form a connective bridge, ca...

Osmosis is strictly the movement of water. Its definition is the net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential. Therefore this is only the a...

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is the main pathway for physiological cell death (though not the only one, see necrosis) and involves a defined set of changes to the cell: shrinkage of the nucleus, co...

An allele is a version of a gene, for instance a gene that determines hair colour may have an allele for blonde hair and an allele for dark hair. We all have two copies of each gene because we inherit two ch...