Search over 10,000 free study notes

Hydrogen bonding occurs in water due to the large electronegativity difference between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom.The oxygen attracts the shared pair of electrons towards itself leaving the hydro...

You can't directly measure lattice enthalpy of a solid crystal, so you have to look at a different method. Usually this would be experimentally or using Hess's Law to construct a Born-Haber cycle. The Born-H...

(Firstly, we identify this as a ‘Structure and Bonding’ problem and try to distinguish between the bonds holding atoms together and the intermolecular forces holding molecules together. We can take each comp...

Firstly, ligands are an atom, molecule or ion which can donate a electron pair (lone electron pair). In a diagram, we would show this donation of a lone electron pair to a central metal ion by using a arrow....

Hydrogen fuel cells are really important as they can be used to power electrical cars, so it's something that a lot of scientists are looking into at the moment. We need to balance this equation, so we need ...