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In an essay question, you will most likely be asked to provide a very brief description of this problem, before going on to explain solutions that have been offered to the problem by various philosophers. In...

With Plato’s analogy of the cave I find it is really useful to understand it visually, so I’m going to draw a diagram of the cave as I explain it. The useful thing about this is that when it comes to revisin...

Three forms of the cosmological argument: from motion; from causation; form contingency. First two respectively run as follows: (1) everything we observe in the world is moving/has a cause; (2) nothing can m...

One version is that which was developed by Antony Flew. The idea/essence of the story is as follows: Imagine two explorers come across a clearing in a forest (or wherever they are exploring), and they come a...

(Introduction) Jeremy Bentham's Classical Utilitarianism is an ethical doctrine founded on the principle of utility - that that which promotes the most happiness or pleasure is the (morally) best action, and...