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What is the mechanism which leads to an increase in heart rate during exercise?

Exercise leads to an increase of CO2 in the blood. This lowers pH as the CO2 binds with water to form carbonic acid. This pH change is measured by chemo-receptors in the carotid arteries. This change then si...
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What is cosmic microwave background, and where does it come from?

Cosmic microwave background is a very faint level of microwave radiation filling all of space, and coming from all directions. The cosmic microwave background is useful to physicists as it provides the best ...
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Answered by Matthew R. • Physics tutor
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Explain what are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein

The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. It defines the role of the protein as all the other structures are based off of it. The secondary structure dictates whether the protein is folded into a...
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Answered by Anastasia N. • Biology tutor
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What are the different steps of aerobic respiration?

Respiration can be broken down into four main stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is the process through which glucose ...
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Answered by Isabel C. • Biology tutor
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Explain the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood.

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) helps to regulate the water content of blood by influencing how much urine is produced by the kidneys. When blood volume increases, due to increased hydration, the osmolarity decr...
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Answered by Oliver T. • Biology tutor
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