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This is the minimum initial velocity required to move from a point to infinity in a gravitational field. Infinity is defined to have a potential, V of zero; this is the point where the gravitational field ha...

Seismic waves are shock waves released by the rupture of rock duing an Earhquake. Seismic waves radiate from the focus of the earthquake and travel through rocks. Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional wa...

Endosymbiosis is where two organisms live together, one inside the other: endo=in, sym=together and biosis=living. It is believed that mitochondria originated as eubacteria that were intracellular parasites ...

Radioactive deacay in the Earth's core creates extremely high temperatures which heat the lower mantle. When radioactive decay is concentrated, local thermal currents are generated in the lower mantle. Plume...

Seismic waves can be measured by seisometers. For example the 'San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth' where seisomoters have been placed in an L-shaped bore hole accross the faultline at Parkfield. Earthqua...