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Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase.

The human gene that codes for insulin can be inserted into a plasmid and then this plasmid can be inserted into a host cell such as a bacterium. The bacterium can then synthesis insulin which can be collecte...
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Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international cooperative venture established to sequence the 3 billion base pair (~25,000 genes) in the human genome. The outcomes of this project include: Mapping: We ...
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Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigation.

Organisms have short sequences of bases, which are repeated many times. These are called satellite DNA. These repeated sequences vary in length from person to person. The DNA is copied using PCR and then cut...
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Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA.

PCR is a way of producing large quantities of a specific target sequence of DNA. It is useful when only a small amount of DNA is available for testing (e.g. crime scene samples of blood, semen, tissue, hair,...
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Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles.

· An individual with a recessive allele for a disease condition that is masked by a normal dominant allele is said to be a carrier · Carriers are heterozygous and can potentially pass the trait on to the nex...
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