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We add probabilities when the corresponding events are alternatives, e.g. P(rolling a 4 on a pair of dice) = P(rolling a 1 and a 3) + P(rolling a 2 and a 2). These are mutually exclusive events which can't h...

Consider the standard equation for force, F = ma. In a centripetal system, the acceleration a is given by a = v^2/r. Plugging this in to the equation for force yields F = mv^2/r; hence to calculate centripet...

Economies are made up of three sectors; the primary sector, which involves extraction of raw materials (e.g. timber), the secondary sector, which is concerned with manufacturing (e.g. turning timber into cha...

Consumer surplus is the benefit to people who want to buy a certain good that comes from the good being cheaper than what the consumer would be willing to pay; in other words, it is the difference between th...

EM waves invariantly travel at the speed of light, and can do so in a vacuum. They transfer energy from their source to the absorber. Some kinds of EM waves can be reflected and refracted. The spectrum of el...