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There are several ways in which a pathogen can cause disease. These can be seen in the Germ Theory of disease, made famous by Robert Koch. These include releasing toxins (1) and damaging/killing local cells ...

It is important to first understand the concept of respiration. It is not the same as ventilation (breathing), as respiration is a chemical process that involves the breakdown of basic chemical molecules to ...

At a neuromuscular junction , an impulse arrives, causing Ca 2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of your muscle cell (a system of membrane bound organelles around myofibril). 1. Ca 2+ diffuses ...

Revising for an English exam is difficult as there isn’t a simple list of facts or formulas to memorise and being creative within a time limit is tough. However, being prepared for the exam and knowing what ...

Unseen poetry is one of the hardest parts of English Literature as the lack of focused preparation can be daunting. However, revision will still make a huge difference to your mark as recognising common feat...