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Outline the process of the light independent reaction in photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle.

Light INDEPENDENT reaction:· RuBP combines with CO 2 , using Rubisco which is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction· This forms 2x GP molecules· Each GP is reduced to form TP, using reduced NADP which provid...
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Answered by Johana A. • Biology tutor
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Describe how the Meselsohn- Stahl experiment was set up. Describe how the results of the Meselsohn- Stahl experiment provide evidence for semi- conservative replication

Describe how the Meselsohn- Stahl experiment was set up. • Culture E. Coli for several generations with amino acids containing 15N. Incorporate 15N into DNA • 15N bacteria washed and transferred into medium ...
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Answered by Jake C. • Biology tutor
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Describe how bacteria are used to genetically modify crops. Describe two examples of GM crops. Describe the reasons why some are opposed to GM crops

Describe how bacteria are used to genetically modify crops. • Certain bacteria (Agrobacterium) can cause plant cells to multiply and form tumours by inserting plasmid DNA into genome of plant• Restriction en...
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Answered by Jake C. • Biology tutor
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Describe 2 ways mutations can occur

• DNA not copied properly before cell division: mistakes in copying; small errors - gene/point mutations • Chromosomes damaged/break: usually repair; but may repair incorrectly - large changes in may genes -...
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Answered by Jake C. • Biology tutor
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) is used during translation to form polypeptides. Describe how mRNA is produced in the nucleus.

Messenger RNA is produced via the process of transcription. DNA is transcribed into mRNA using RNA polymerase. First, the double helix structure of the DNA unravels, and the hydrogen bonds break between the ...
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Answered by Akanksha J. • Biology tutor
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