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Explain the process of ultrafiltration in the kidney.

Ultrafiltration begins in the nephron in the kidney. Blood travels through a coiled structure of capillaries called the glomerulus surrounded by the Bowman's capsule. The hydrostatic pressure of the flow of ...
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Answered by Nuala M. • Biology tutor
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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

It explains the flow of information in biological systems, especially in eukaryotes. It can be simplified to "DNA makes RNA makes protein". This explains how DNA, which is passed down the generatio...
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Answered by Kalyan M. • Biology tutor
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What is the difference between transcription and translation?

This is a rather fundamental question and it's important to get it right. Remember, the central dogma of biology is, in its most basic form, DNA makes RNA makes protein. Transcription is the process by which...
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Answered by Serena M. • Biology tutor
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(b) Cigarette smoke contains nicotine. Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor that reduces the diameter of some blood vessels. (i) Using this information, explain why smoking increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). How do I approach this?

Good question. You must think about these questions in progressive steps. The first step is given - vasoconstriction. What does this cause? A reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel. So you've got the ...
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Answered by Michael A. • Biology tutor
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Why is genetic drift important in small populations?

Within a population there is genetic variation between individuals. For example, individuals have different combinations of different alleles, which may or may not be passed onto their offspring. Genetic dri...
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Answered by Bethany P. • Biology tutor
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