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mRNA is used during translation to form polypeptides. Describe how mRNA is produced in the nucleus of a cell. (6)

The first step in biology is always to make sure you understand and always use specialist biological terms - it's often said you almost learn more vocab in biology A level than you do in French, and if I had...
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Answered by Omar E. • Biology tutor
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Describe the structure and bonding that contributes to a functional protein.

Translation of an mRNA transcript by ribosomes produces the two-dimensional primary structure – a linear sequence of amino acids held together by strong peptide (covalent) bonds . This linear sequence typica...
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Answered by Edwin J. • Biology tutor
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Name 2 forms of epigenetic modification, and explain the effect they have on the genotype.

Acetylation: addition of an acetyl group to a histone molecule. Forces DNA strands apart, allowing easier access for RNA polymerase for transcription. Therefore increases expression of target gene(s) due to ...
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Answered by Nick G. • Biology tutor
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Describe the chemical composition of phospholipids and how they form cell membranes? (10 marks)

Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules i.e. they have a hydrophilic (“water-loving”), polar head end, and a hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), nonpolar tail end (1 mark). The major phospholipids in most animal ...
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Answered by Akash B. • Biology tutor
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Describe how DNA is well-adapted to being a molecule for conserved information storage

DNA is a long, large molecule, which allows a lot of information to be stored within in. It has a sugar-phosphate backbone, which protects it from physical and chemical damage as the phospho-diester linkages...
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Answered by Juliet E. • Biology tutor
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