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What evidence proves that the Y chromosome determines maleness?

Evidence that the Y chromosome determines maleness can be proved through analysis of individuals with chromosomal abnormalities. For example, a female has XX and a male has XY, but an individual with an aneu...
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How is the resting membrane potential established in a neurone?

The membrane of an axon consists of three main protein channels: the sodium/potassium pumps, voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels. These play a role in establishing the membrane...
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Answered by Umraj R. • Biology tutor
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Describe the steps following the arrival of an action potential to the pre-synaptic bulb allowing for transmission of a signal across a synapse.

Depolarisation of plasma membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium ions to move into pre-synaptic bulb down the concentration gradientHigh intracellular calcium results in the mobilisat...
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Answered by William T. • Biology tutor
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Explain the importance of the cytoskeleton's role in providing mechanical strength to cells, aiding transport within cells and enabling movement of the cell.

The cytoskeleton is an internal framework within the cell made up of two different protein fibres: microfilaments and microtubules. It has a number of different functions including: providing mechanical stre...
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Relate the structural adaptations of lumbar vertebrae to their functions (6 mark).

Lumbar vertebrae have large centra (vertebral bodies) - greater weight bearing from torso (1).Contain compression membranes which aid with shock absorption from movement (1) as well as resisting compressionS...
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Answered by Alice F. • Biology tutor
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