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To regulate a number of processes in the body, there needs to first be recognition of current levels in order to respond in the appropriate way. For example there is a temperature "norm" (~36.9°C),...

This is the way that the body maintains a stable internal environment, which is vital for correct functioning of the cells in the body. For a stable environment there are several things which need to be regu...

Restriction enzymes cut at specific sequences named palindromic sequences. These are unique as they read the same in opposite directions. A specific palindromic sequence is complementary to a specific restri...

In the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule, sodium-potassium pumps present in the membrane in contact with tissue fluid pump sodium ions out of the cells. This lowers the concentration of sodium ions...

A protein is a sequence of many amino acids. All proteins are made of amino acids. Humans have 20 distinguished amino acids that can arrange in thousands of different combinations and this means that they ca...