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Aerobic respiration is a process that releases energy from a respiratory substrate (e.g. glucose) by fully oxidising it. Energy is released in the form of ATP; Carbon dioxide and Water are released as by pro...

The alveolar epithelium is very thin, just one cell layer thick. This means the diffustion distance is small, therefore diffusion of gases occurs rapidly. Remember that diffusion is the net movement of parti...

Fish use specialised surfaces called gills to carry out gas exchange. Gills are highly folded, giving them a large surface area and maximising the efficiency of gas exchange. The gill filaments have many pro...

Reproductive separation occurs, this could be through geographical separation . (1) Therefore no interbreeding in the population. (2) This results in separate gene pools . (3) Variation due to random mutatio...

The membrane of an axon contains a large number of protein channels along its length, which all fall under three categories: the sodium/potassium pumps, the voltage-gated sodium channels & the voltage-ga...