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What is a nucleophile and what is an electrophile?

A nucleophile is a chemical species that can donate a pair of electrons to a different chemical species (generally to an electrophile) to form a chemical bond in a reaction. They are generally negatively cha...
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Describe the structure of benzene, and how this affects its stability.

Benzene has the molecular formula C 6 H 6 , with the 6 carbon atoms forming a planar hexagonal ring of C-C sigma bonds. The six hydrogen atoms, one attached to each carbon atom via a C-H sigma bond, protrude...
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Answered by George T. • Chemistry tutor
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How do you go about answering titration equations?

First you need write out the balanced chemical equation. You will often be asked about iron(II) ions reacting with maganate(VII) ions or with dichromate ions, therefore it is easiest to learn these two equat...
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Answered by Ella F. • Chemistry tutor
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Devise a simple synthetic route to an amide from a carboxylic acid. Give a mechanism for the final step and explain why the reagents are not added 1:1 in the final step

1st step: SOCl 2 or PCl 3 to form an acyl chloride, which is now significanlty more electrophilic based on leaving gorup abiliity, hence an amine can now attack the acyl chloride to form the amide, where as ...
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Answered by Elliot B. • Chemistry tutor
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Why are the theoretical and Born Haber lattice enthalpies different?

The theoretical Born Haber enthalpy assumes a perfect ionic model where the attraction between the ions is purely electrostatic and the ions are purely spherical. The Born Haber lattice enthalpy is the real ...
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Answered by Amit V. • Chemistry tutor
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