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When elements are heated, it causes their electrons to become excited. Electrons exist in discrete energy levels, and these energy levels are unique to each element. When the electrons are excited by heat, t...

A transition metal is defined as an element that forms a stable ion with incompletely filled d orbitals. Scandium forms a 3+ ion with no electrons in its d orbitals and zinc forms a 3+ ion with completely fi...

In nature, when 2 elements react, energy is taken in to break bonds and energy is given out to form new bonds. The net change in heat energy during a reaction at constant pressure is called the enthalpy chan...

Kekulé's model of benzene is that it has 3 double bonds, in a ring of 6 carbons. One - Benzene isn't very reactive, so if Kekulé's model were to be correct, there would be 3 double bonds in benzene, and so i...

The p orbitals on each carbon atom in benzene overlapThere is delocalisation of electrons in the ring (not 3 localised C==C double bonds)This makes benzene more thermodynamically stable than predictedIt ther...