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Tulving (1972) - proposed a distinction between episodic, semantic and procedural memory. Procedural Memory: Part of the long-term memory is responsible for how to do things i.e. memory of motor skills. It d...

A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between two variables (usually, the IV and the DV). The statement must usually also be operationalised or 'testable', which is another way of saying made mo...

Classical conditioning was studied by Pavlov and focuses on the learning process. Thinking about Pavlov's experiments with dogs, imagine: a dog salivates when he sees food - that is an unconditioned response...

Harlow conducted a study into attachment using 8 Rhesus monkeys over a time period of 6 months. He place them in a cage with a 'mother' covered in cloth to represent a caring mother whilst also next to a wir...

Dreaming is an unconscious process so it is a difficult concept to test. Interpretations of the dreams are required which raises the issue of subjectivity. Also, people may lie about and/or not remember thei...