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The link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. In the first step, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are removed from two pyruvate molecules, producing two acetyl groups. The hydrogen removed is transferred ...

Natural selection: Mutations (e.g. of pigment gene, and of regulatory genes) creating variability between members of the same species. Selection pressure of prey availability - Selection pressures are extern...

Food enters the mouth and is digested mechanically and chemically. Mechanical digestion is chewing (mastication) by the teeth and breaks the food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion is by salivary amylas...

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms (e.g. bacteria) which lack any membrane bound organelles. Thus, they are anuclear (have no nucleus) and their DNA is circular and found in the nucleoid area of the pro...

Co-dominance is when two alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype in the heterozygote. For example, plants that are homozygous for one allele may be red and plants that are homozygous for another allel...