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Translation is the process by which mRNA strands are converted into polypeptides that can be used within the cell or released from the cell in order to carry out specific functions. There are four stages to ...

Phagocytes are large irregularly shaped white blood cells that are involved in the non-specific immune system. They have the ability to engulf and digest foreign bodies, destroying them in a process known as...

Enzymes are biological catalysts that hydrolyse chemical bonds in biological molecules, such as lipids. Enzymes are important in digestion, as they aid the absorption of molecules across the lumen of the sma...

T helper cells recognise and bind to the antigen and become activated. The activated T helper cell stimulate B cells to form plasma cells that produce and release antibodies that are specific to the viral an...

a stimulus depolarises the membrane potential above the threshold level e.g. -40 mvthis causes voltage gated Na+ ion channels to open- resulting in an influx of Na+ into the cellthis depolarises the membrane...