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Gas exchange surfaces tend to have the adaptation a large SA:volume ratio. This is advantageous as it increases the area over which gases and other materials can be transported into and out of the organism, ...

Nerve impulses are propagated in the form of action potentials, involving the rapid depolarisation of the nerve cell membrane from -70mV to +30mV, before repolarisation occurs returning the membrane potentia...

Second messengers are used in the downstream signalling cascade of protein hormones. As these hormones are hydrophilic, they can't cross the phospholipid bilayer. Therefore, when binding to a specific recept...

A catalyst refers to many types of different molecules or chemicals which can r educe the activation energy of a reaction without being used up itself. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a ...

This is a common and understandable mistake that is made since essentially both of these processes refer to molecules being moved out of the cytoplasm of a cell using energy. There is however a major differe...