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Proteins are polymers made of amino acids. Proteins are essential molecules. Among many other roles, they can catalyse numerous reactions within the body (these proteins are known as enzymes), they allow cel...

Reflexes are quick and automatic reactions to harmful stimuli. Reflexes are important as they protect the body from harm. We don’t have to learn reflexes because they occur automatically from the moment we a...

Neurones are the specialised cells that make up the nervous system. Bundles of neurones are known as nerves. Neurones carry electrical impulses around the entire body.

The nervous system is made up of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The PNS is made up of sensory and mo...

Tropomyosin is a protein that covers the actin binding site. This prevents a cross-bridge forming between the myosin and actin filaments whilst the muscle is at rest. Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules,...