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If the mother’s father had haemophilia the mother must carry the allele for the condition, as the mother must receive an X chromosome from her father. Therefore, the X chromosome received from her mother mus...

Note the phenotypes of the parents, work out whether they are homozygous or heterozygous. Choose letters to represent the alleles. The upper case letter should represent the dominant alleles and the lower ca...

The body must maintain an internal temperature of 37 degrees as this is the optimum temperature for body’s enzymes. When the body gets too hot the body responds in multiple ways: • The body releases sweat fr...

Animals living in harsh environments may have adaptations to help them survive. For example, animals living in hot conditions, like camels, have many features to help them survive. Camels have humps which ca...

Vaccines contain an inactive form of a pathogen, or dead pathogen, and are injected into the body to give immunity to that pathogen. The inactive pathogen acts as an antigen, stimulating an immune response, ...