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Act utilitarians assert that, when making morally relevant choices, on a case-by-case basis, consequences ought to be the only frame of reference for a moral agency. Thus, they uphold the primacy of the Util...

For Berkely, there is not a world with physical objects that is external to us. The sense data we perceive with our sense organs are bundled together as 'ideas'. For example the idea 'chair' is a bundle of s...

In the First Meditations, Descartes aims to determine which of his many beliefs amount to knowledge. Descartes argues that if there is any doubt regarding the truth of a proposition, one does not know that p...

The tripartite view of propositional knowledge claims that some subject S knows that p if and only if: p is true, S believes that p, and S is justified in believing that p.

Aquinas’ first way was focused on the concept of an ‘unmoved mover’. Aquinas states that all things in the world can change place, form or location. He illustrates through the concept of burning wood, that f...