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The boiling points of ammonia (NH3), fluorine (F2) and bromine (Br2) are -33, -188 and +59 degrees celsius respectively. Explain the differences in these boiling points, including the names of any relevant forces and particles.

Differences in boiling points between molecules are due to varying strength of intermolecular forces. From the data given, we know Br 2 must have the strongest intermolecular forces as it has the highest boi...
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Answered by Alex H. • Chemistry tutor
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How does Cholera work?

Cholera works by releasing a toxin in the lumen. It causes chloride channels of the intestinal epithelial cells to open which in turn causes cholride ions to move along its concentration gradient into the lu...
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Answered by Tanvi K. • Biology tutor
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What is electromotive force (emf) and how can the emf of a battery be measured?

The electromotive force is the work done by a battery on the charge carriers to transport them across the entire circuit, per unit charge. It can be thought of as the specific energy given to the charge carr...
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Answered by Dan S. • Physics tutor
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Evaluate whether growing market concentration and monopoly power is necessarily undesirable.

Discussion of monopolies should be based around the motivations of monopolies and whether such desires of those elites in the industry in question benefit or degrade society as a whole. A monopoly may be see...
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Answered by Joshua S. • Economics tutor
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Explain three disadvantages of proportional representation

Voters and there representatives are not well connected to each other. In first past the post systems, which allow representation to represent a relatively small geographic area, there is a strong connection...
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Answered by Joshua S. • Politics tutor
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