Discuss 'deviation from ideal mental health' as a definition of abnormality. (8 marks)

This definition identifies the characteristics required for good mental health, and suggests that the further an individual is from this ideal, the more likely they are to be classified as abnormal. Jahoda identified six criteria needed for ideal mental health, including positive attitude to self and autonomy. Another criterion is self-actualisation – the top pillar of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs – which describes how we strive to fulfil our potential and achieve personal growth. Individuals who do not meet Jahoda’s criteria deviate from coping with everyday life successfully, so may be seen as abnormal. A limitation of the definition is that the criteria for ideal mental health are too demanding. Whilst the definition is praised for emphasising positivity by focusing on desirable traits, it is unlikely that many people meet all the criteria for prolonged periods of time, meaning that the majority of individuals could be classified as abnormal. In addition, the criteria ignore the roles of social and political issues that may affect our behaviour and emotions; for example, an individual in an abusive relationship is unlikely to show positive attitude to self or autonomy, yet this is because of their environment rather than psychological abnormality. By inappropriately labelling many functioning individuals as abnormal, the definition is weakened as it may divert attention and treatment resources away from those who really need them.