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There are several ways in which a pathogen can cause disease. These can be seen in the Germ Theory of disease, made famous by Robert Koch. These include releasing toxins (1) and damaging/killing local cells ...

It is important to first understand the concept of respiration. It is not the same as ventilation (breathing), as respiration is a chemical process that involves the breakdown of basic chemical molecules to ...

At a neuromuscular junction , an impulse arrives, causing Ca 2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of your muscle cell (a system of membrane bound organelles around myofibril). 1. Ca 2+ diffuses ...

The cardiac cycle consists of two phases, diastole and systole. Diastole is when the heart is relaxing, allowing blood to flow into the chambers from the vena cava on the right side and the pulmonary vein on...

Homeostasis refers to the processes that occur in our bodies to maintain various factors at set values. An example of this is control of body temperature. For example, if the temperature is too high, we begi...