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PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It is a technique used very commonly in molecular biology. It is a way of replicating one strand of DNA into many copies that can then be studied. The components nee...

So respiration is the means by which all cells produce energy, and this is done through aerobic or anaerobic respiration of glucose. Let's concentrate on animal cells first. Anaerobic respiration occurs in t...

a) Proteins, which are highly-folded poplypeptides, are broken down into shorter polypeptides, and then into amino acids, by protease enzymes. b) Fats, or lipids, are broken down by enzymes such as lipase in...

Enzymes are biological catalysts - they 'speed up' biological reactions - essentially increasing the rate at which they occur. Pepsin is an enzyme that catalyses the digestion of proteins in the stomach into...

A synapse acts as a junction between cells - either between neurons, or between a neuron and a muscle or gland cell. Although neurons transmit information via electrical signals, synapses transmit informatio...