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Fish use specialised surfaces called gills to carry out gas exchange. Gills are highly folded, giving them a large surface area and maximising the efficiency of gas exchange. The gill filaments have many pro...

Reproductive separation occurs, this could be through geographical separation . (1) Therefore no interbreeding in the population. (2) This results in separate gene pools . (3) Variation due to random mutatio...

The membrane of an axon contains a large number of protein channels along its length, which all fall under three categories: the sodium/potassium pumps, the voltage-gated sodium channels & the voltage-ga...

The Theory of Evolution states that organisms change (evolve) over a long time (from simple life forms) due to natural selection. Natural Selection: this is based on 3 key points. 1: that there is a lot of d...

DNA is a double helix. Consisting of two strands, which are made up of bases A T C and G Complementary base pairing occurs, where if part of one strand contains an A, the same part of the other strand contai...