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Plants that live in these areas need to minimise the rate at which they transpire in order to preserve as much water as possible. One way they do this is by reducing their surface area:volume ratio, in many ...

There are 4 levels you use to describe protein structure. Primary Structure - This is the simplest structure of a protein. It is essentially the sequence of amino acids that form a protein. Secondary Structu...

Firstly, there are chemical differences between the two nucleic acids. DNA has the following structural properties:-double stranded and anti-parallel polymer held together by (relatively) weak hydrogen bonds...

The chloroplast has a cell membrane like most cells/organelles. They are long and oval shaped with a similar shape/size to bacteria. Inside the organelle, the grana stack up like disks on top of one another....

Both antigenic shift and drift are used by viruses to adapt to selection pressures and avoid host immune systems. Antigenic shift is a slow change in the viral genes over time due to replication errors and r...