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The significance of the vacuum is that there is no air resistance and therefore the shape difference between the objects is unimportant. The downward force acting on the object is Weight = mass x g Acceleration of an object due to a force = force/mass Therefore combining these equations:Acceleration = Weight/mass = (mass gravity)/mass = gTherefore the acceleration of both objects in a vacuum = g, regardless of their mass.

The adaptive immune system is a specific form of immune response that targets specific antigens. The main cell group involved are the lymphocytes - T and B cells. These cells are designed to activate and differentiate upon exposure to specific antigens that are complementary to the receptors on their surface. Antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, are responsible for stimulating this process. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and T-helper cells. Cytotoxic T cells target pathogens and infected host cells, whilst T helper cells stimulate immune response, including activation of B cells. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that rapidly produce antibodies that are complementary to the specific antigen and bind to disable it and aid in removing pathogens. Both lymphocytes, upon activation, also differentiate into memory T and B cells that linger in the body and can provide a stronger and faster response to future exposure to the specific antigen. This long-term protection is known as immunity.

Firstly, it's useful to look at the context of the novel. Tess was first published as a single novel in 1892; women had far fewer rights than men, although the Married Women's Property Act was passed in 1883, and it was pretty much irrecoverable for women to have sex (and particularly an illegitimate child) before marriage. We can look at this in both social and religious terms, as well as examine the different reactions that this prompted for men (Angel/Alec) and women (Tess). If you're writing an essay on this, make sure you always explain why the history is relevant to, and influences, the text.
However, Hardy still calls her pure. He demonstrates this by giving her an interiority - unlike the other characters in the novel (e.g. the milkmaids), we can understand that she truly does try to always do the right (pure) thing. She also retains her purity because, despite having had sex, she retains her innocence. It is (perhaps) the sins of her (male) ancestors that lead to Alec assaulting her - she suffers for their sins, not her own, and it is pre-destined and so not her fault. This sense of heritage and destiny is returned to in the later scene at Stone Henge. She is also likened to nature - we can read her as the natural world ravaged by the industrial revolution and its embodiment in the nouveau riche, 'name-purchasing' Alec d'Urberville, who artificially contains and controls nature in his greenhouses. Finally, you could approach this not as a question of purity, but in terms of Tess as being purely woman, or the essential woman. She can be seen as the embodiment of woman - the descriptions of her at Talbothays are sensual (e.g. her yawning, red mouth), but she is also modest, innocent and in need of protection. This would be a more linguistically minded approach. So, some questions to think about would be: is it intention or action that condemns us? Can 'sin' or wrong-doing be atoned for? Does the subsequent marriage of Alec and Tess purify his previous actions and her child 'Sorrow'? Do we inherit the impurity/sins of our ancestors? Does Tess do wrong? What is the relationship between Tess, her surroundings, and her heritage?

1) The use of altered and extended harmonies.Using techniques such as rootless voicings and tritone substitutions make jazz harmony more complex than some 21st century music. Where harmony tended to be functional in the classical era, jazz harmony is much more atonal and uses extended chords to add extra character to the music.2) ImprovisationA key element of jazz is the improvisation. Musicians will create melodies based on the changes (chord sequences) when performing. This allows for a lot of creativity in jazz and you are unlikely to hear exactly the same version of a song twice. 3) RhythmsMore syncopation is used in jazz compared to classical music. The use of swung rhythms is also employed often.