What is the difference between 'ser' and 'estar'?

Both ser and estar mean 'to be', but they are used in different contexts.Ser is generally used for permanent states, including nationalities, genders and professions. It can also be used for physical features or traits.For example: soy español, eres profesor, soy alta.Estar is usually used for temporary states, moods or places.For example: Madrid está en España, estoy triste.There are some phrases in which the incorrect use of 'to be' changes the meaning of the sentence, including:estoy aburrido = I'm bored soy aburrido = I'm boring
estoy listo = I'm ready soy listo = I'm clever