How do amino acids change at different pH?
Amino acids are amphoteric which means they can act as an acid or a base.
An isoelectric point is the pH at which an amino acid exists as its zwitterion. A zwitterion is the dipolar ionic form of an amino acid. This is formed by a hydrogen ion (H+) from the carboxyl group being donated to the amino group. There is no overall charge. The carboxyl group becomes COO- and the amino group becomes NH3+ showing an imbalance of charge that makes it a polar molecule.
If the pH is lower (in acidic conditions) than the isoelectric point then the amino acid acts as a base and accepts a proton at the amino group. This gives it a positive change.
If the pH is higher (in alkaline conditions) than the isoelectric point then the amino acid acts as an acid and donates a proton from its carboxyl group. This gives it a negative charge.
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