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The action potential arriving at the presynaptic membrane causes the voltage gated calcium ion channels on the presynaptic membrane to open. This causes an influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic neur...

f(g(x))=2(cx+5)+c

fg(x)=2cx+10+c

2cx=6x

2c=6

c=3

10+c=d

d=13

Multiply whole equation by 2

6y + 4x = 12y - x

Take 6y from both sides

4x = 6y - x

Add x to both sides

5x = 6y

divid both sides by 5

x = 6/5(y)

Differentiate equation: f'(x) = (2ax + b) ln(x + (1+x^2)^(1/2)) + ((a + 2d)x^2 + (b + c)x + (c+d)) (1 + x^2)^(-1/2).

Select correct values for constants to get:

i) x ln(x + (1+x^2)^(1/2)) - ...

There would be variation in the length of necks in the early giraffe population.

Those who had longer necks would have an advantage for survival as they would be able to reach higher into the trees...