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Facilitated diffusion - the movement of substances down a concentration gradient via a membrane protein.Active transport - the movement of substances against a concentration gradient which requires ...
It is made up of 3 genes: lacZ, lacY and lacA which encode for B-galactosidase (LacZ), lactose permease (LacY), and another enzyme (not studied at A level) respectively.The functions of LacZ (the enzyme) ...
Folding of proteins occurs in 4 distinct stages: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary structure is the formation of the amino acid (peptide) sequence, here the amino acids are joined toget...
During aerobic respiration, NAD and FAD collect protons and electrons from respiratory substrates. These electrons can be released into the transport chain of the mitochondrial matrix because oxygen is pr...
Eutrophication is the process of artificially increasing the mineral content of water as a result of nitrogen-containing fertilisers, especially nitrates, leaching from agricultural land. The nitrates and...
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