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A peptide is usually a short sequence of amino acids. Proteins are much larger structures, also comprised of amino acids, but having different levels of organisation such as forming secondary, tertiary an...

Charged or polar molecules such as salts, sugars and amino acids dissolve readily in water and so are called hydrophilic ("water loving"). Uncharged or non-polar molecules such as lipids do not ...

The heart is made up of four chambers; the left atria, left ventricle, right atria and the right ventricle. The cardiac cycle is made up of repeating phases of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxati...

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) is a hormone that is released when the hypothalamus detects high blood osmolarity or when blood pressure is low. It is released from the posterior pituitary gland into the bloo...

The immune system usually makes antibodies to destroy foreign pathogens that may harm the body. However, in autoimmune disease, the body produces antibodies that recognise the body's own cells or enzymes ...