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When an action potential reaches a presynaptic cell, it causes voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane to open, which allows Ca2+ to enter the cell. This Ca2+ diffuses into the cell from high to low conce...

Cells under attack release histamine --> attracts macrophages Macrophage engulfs pathogen into a phagocytic vacuole by phagocytosis Macrophage carries out antigen presentation of pathogenic antigen from c...

Atherosclerosis is a build up of fat deposits in large and medium sized arteries. This causes narrowing of the blood vessels and can lead to cardiovascular disease. If a plaque ruptures it can cause occlusio...

When an enzyme is inhibited it means that the specific substrate that normally fits in the enzymes active site can no longer bind due to the active site having changed shape or having been blocked. Competiti...

At low temperature, there is low kinetic energy (=molecules move more slowly). So, an enzyme and a substrate are less likely to randomly collide with eachother (similarly, people are more likely to bump into...