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When two populations of a species are isolated geographically (for example by a river, mountain, flood etc). The two populations adapt to different selection pressures and so then eventually evolve into two ...

An action potential is generated within the axon of a neuron via a series of steps:1) the inside of the neuron at rest is negative (-70mV), called the resting potential2) Na ion channels open and inside of t...

The process can be broken down into 3 main stages. 1 - An Action Potential triggers Calcium Influx: when the action potential arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neurone, it stimulates voltage-ga...

A mutation in the viral RNA results in a change in the RNA base sequences. This can result in a change in the amino acid sequence during translation. This then changes the position of intramolecular bonds, s...

There are four main electron carrier protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial complex, which use the energy from the transfer of electrons to pump H+ into the intermembrane space, this is known as the el...