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The cAMP cascade describes an intracellular process that occurs upon activation of glucagon and adrenaline receptors. Glucagon receptors are present mainly in the liver , where they activate enzymes that con...

The initial stage of mitosis is known as prophase. In early prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleolus disappears. The chromatin condenses into a doubled armed chromosome- comprised of two ...

Vaccinations introduce the human immune system to pathogenic antibodies in a safe way. This could be in the form of the dead pathogen, a genetically engineered version or the lone antibody. The antibody acti...

Firstly the adaptive immune response is the antigen specific response the body uses against free antigens or infected cells. It relies on the highly specialised lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells, which are de...

Definition: an oncogenes is a gene, whose altered expression, over-expression, amplification and the presence of mutation lead to tumors arising.These most often are part of intracellular signalling pathways...