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Phenol > Toluene > Benzene > Chlorobenzene.

The reactivity of the ring is dependant on how electron rich it is, as this determines the extent to which the (positively charged) electrophile...

The purpose of a mechanism in organic chemistry is to show the movement of electron density leading to the reaction. Keeping this in mind, when faced with the starting materials, the first thing to identi...

For a reaction to occur between particles (reactants) they must overcome an energy barrier. This is called the activation energy. A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction, that has a lo...

A covalent bond is formed by a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.

The reagents needed are sulphuric acid and nitric acid. It may be useful to notice that nitric acid here acts as a stoichiometric reagent, in that it is used up in the reaction to nitrate the toluene, but...