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Reactants are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst (1). Bonds forms between the atoms and molecules on the surface (2), and the products desorb (3).

The general trend is a decrease in first ionisation energy, which is because as you descend the group the number of energy levels surrounding the positively charged nucleus increases. This means that the ...

Transition metals form coloured ions in solution. They have variable oxidation states, and often can be sued as catalysts. They are also able to form complexes with non-metal ligands, such as H2O or NH3, ...

The -OH is an activating group, it donates its lone pair into the delocalised ring of electrons. This increases the electron density in the ring, making it more reactive.